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A. N. Chaturvedi

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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This paper contends that Joint Forest Management projects have been initiated by government and are not a spontaneous response of people to safeguard forests. The NGOs involvement is only to serve their own vested interests. Pressure oflivestock grazing is at least eight times more than what the forest areas can support. Lopping of tree leaves for fodder and sweeping of forest floors has drastically reduced the growth of forests. Kautilya's Arthasastra clearly mentions that in times of the Maurya kings the forests and pasture lands belonged to the State. Dispassionate and unbiased analysis of present day facts show that Joint Forest Management projects are not sustainable in the long run.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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This article reflects on the past, present and future scenario of forest management in India. The status of major forests, Social Forestry, Joint Forest Management, Forestry Research, Forest Education, Forest Based Industries have also been discussed.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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Importance of Populus euphratica for pulpwood plantation and its proximate chemical analysis, strength characters and basic density fibre dimensions are presented in detail in this paper.

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A. N. Chaturvedi , H. M. Behl

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Usar soils occupy about 7 million hectare of land in India. These lands have reached a stage of very low productivity due to overuse. Twelve tree species were planted during October 1981 at uniform spacing of 1.5 × 1.5 m in plots of 40 m × 40 m. The plots were analyzed for their biomass production from two to eight years. The analysis was based on destructive sampling of trees from the surround and forming regression equations. The form of the equation was Weight = a + b D²H. Biomass estimations were carried out in the inner plots of 20 m × 20 m leaving a surround of 10 m all-round. The growing stock shows changing pattern. The species that grew fast in early phase did not perform well in later years. The site amelioration was studied at the beginning of thc trial and after four years. The site has shown all-round improvement though the rates vary with the species. No biomass was removed from the site and leaves, branches, pods etc. falling on the ground was permitted to recycle nutrients.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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The basic technical aspects of viability of commercial teak plantations are described in this paper.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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Biological diversity or biodiversity as is commonly called is an ill-defined concept. There are various varying estimates of the biological diversity. Biodiversity may be in terms of species of flora and fauna or in terms of varieties within species. The tropical rain forests contain the maximum number of species. The temperate forests due to more restricted climatic conditions and small growing season contain fewer species. Since the objectives of preservation of biodiversity are not clear cut, the economics varies with the concept.A1l species are not valuable at present. What will become valuable in future is unknown. Consequently, the exact objective of a biosphere reserve remain vague Ex -situ conservation is extremely expensive and can be carried out only on plants of known economic value. In-Situ conservation is, therefore, cheaper and more meaningful. The exploding population of human beings and livestock are degrading the eco-system and are the main cause of deforestation which has increased over the last decade. The FAO Tropical Action Plan did provide some directions for meaningful biodiversity. These are in any case very loose pronouncements. Every nation will have to fix its priorities. Whenever any area is closed to local and commercial use, some species try to dominate the floor. This, however, is a short term occurrence till the ecological Succession gets going. The biggest problem in all biodiversity areas is to keep the biotic pressure out of these areas. Protecting the biodiversity is a gigantic task in India considering that livestock population is presently around 450 million while the carrying capacity of the grazing land and forests is not more than 50 million heads. Management for biodiversity will first need very clear objectives which will not change during the next century.

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A. N. Chaturvedi , B. S. Rawat

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Populus deitoides clones were introduced in India in 1952 to increase the availability of wood for match and plywood industries. Clones introduced. from U.K. and Europe did not perform well while the clones from U.S.A and Australia grew well. By 1970, Poplars started being planted under irrigated conditions and grew faster than any other indigenous or exotic species. Clones G-3, G-48, D-100 and D-121 presently form the backbone or the Poplar planting programme which has spread in farm-lands. To increase the genetic base the production of indigenous clones and introduction of more clones from suitable area of U.SA was carried out. The crosses of P. deltoides with Populus ciliata have also been produced and are being tried at several locations. Large number of clones obtained from U.S.A. also include cuttings from wild populations. These are under testing and some of these clones are promising. Cutting from male and female clones of Populus euphratica obtained from Pakistan are growing well at TERI field research station and are in flower at present. The genetic base has now been widened and newer clones will continue to be available for several generations. The effort for selecting, new clones and their testing must continue.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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A. N. Chaturvedi , Alok Adholeya , G. S. Cheema , Deshraj

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This paper describes the resluts of experiments conducted to know the mechanism of enrichment of nitrogen in Populus deltoides.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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The paper gives an account of a case study of Poplar grown by a farmer in December, 1983. Poplars have been successfully iocroporated in agroforestry plantations in U.P., Haryana and Punjab. Some of the clones successful are G-3, G-48, D-121, ST-67 etc. The spacing of 5×5m has given good results and closer than 4×4 m have not produced desired results. The results of case study shows that highest IRR is obtainable in the fourth year and the IRR goes down in the 7th year. A rotation of 4 years is viable for Poplar where there is local demand for small size. It is, however, expected that increasing use of Poplar wood for plywood will push up the price for large size trees and profitability will increase for rotations of 9 years or more.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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The paper traces the history of India's forests from around 300 BC to the present, providing an insight into their status during the Muslim and British Periods. Initiation and development of forest conservancy is traced from 1806 onwards. Forest Development after independence is described with special emphasis on conservation and production. The paper recognizes unrestricted use of forests for grazing, lopping and firewood to be the biggest forestry problem in the country. The author apprehends a return to the state of no management of the forests of India soon if corrective measures are not taken by the foresters of the day.

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A. N. Chaturvedi , Vishwanath Shah

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Although several sampling techniques are avai1able for natural forests as well as mature plantations, no low-cost techniques have been evolved for plantations of mixed species on degraded sites. Such sites are characterized by high degree of variation in microclimatic conditions and, therefore, in growing stock. Survival percent, a commonly used criteria for assessing the success of such plantations,is not a reliable criteria. The situation becomes more complicated if the plantation is being assessed for the first time. The present case study uses Basal Area as an indicator of growing stock and lays down a systematic methodology for calculating the sampling intensity.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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This peper provides a brief account on Social Forestry. The Social Forestry plantations can protect the environment and work as CO₂ sinks. A combination of trees In the overwood and bamboos In the understorey appears to be a very viable method In our climatic conditions.

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A. N. Chaturvedi , Shubhra Bhatia , H. M. Behl

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Wood biomass in IndIa is harvested mainly, for use as firewood. Most shrubs growing in degraded lands are multibranched. Tbe biomass assesement can be carried out with reasonable accuracy by measurement of diameter of the most prominent branch 50 cm above-ground and total height as well as the number of branches. The case study pertains to Acacia farnesiana. Sample regression for total green biomass is W= 0.6078 + 0.8528 ND²H (r²=0.8528, d. f =26). W (Welght) in kg, N in numbers, D&H in decimetres.

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A. N. Chaturvedi , P. Sivaji , D. V. Jayaram Prasad

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Eucalypts species and provenance trials were started systematically in several states of India between 1979 to 1983. Results of the trials of several provenances of Eucalyptus tereticornis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis carried out in Khammam district of Andhra Pradesh are given. No single provenance has shown its superiority all over and none can be recommended for large scale planting in these edapho-climatic conditions.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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Bamboos are poor man's timber. They are also used for manufacture of paper. They are used for cottage industries and a large number of tribals depend on them. Natural bamboo forests have been worked in India on cutting cycles from 2-4 years. The frequency of cutting cycles was based on working convenience. Periodic flowering coupled with misuse and lack of protection has reduced the extent of bamboo forests. Some foresters believe that bamboo rhizomes extend outwards and young bamboo culms depend on the support of the old culms. Studies have shown that the development of new culms is not peripheral. Culms older than two years did not affect the production of new culms. Productivity of bamboo forests depends on the production and the size of new culms. The clump age is controlled by the genetics of the seed but culm age depends on the provenance and Ihe climatic conditions. Removal of dry culms increases the production of new culms. Vegetative reproduction methods have been worked out for several bamboo species but the success depends on the age of the culm and the season of cutting. Tissue culture work has succeeded only with juvenile seedlings. The planting trials of tissue culture raised plantlets are still young and they have shown wide variability in the quality and quantity of the formation of new culms.

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A. N. Chaturvedi , C. M. Misra

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The present study includes ecological survey of grasslands at Dudhwa National Park. Category-wise area of the park was evaluated with the help of satellite remote sensing techniques. Five (5) different types of grassland communities were identified and by the clip-guadrat method of 1 m², quantitative and qualitative characters of each community were evaluated. The study reveals that grassland system of the park is quite productive in terms of biomass. However, planting of palatable and nutritive species will further improve the whole system in order to maintain the proper food-chain of the park.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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Half of the land mass of India is degraded. The productivity of this land is far below its potential. Wastelands are formed primarily by misuse or overuse. Large bovine population, far beyond the capacity of pasture lands, has been a major factor in the formation of such lands. Impeded drainage due to construction of embankments, roads and canals are creating new wastelands. Usar, ravines, degraded hills, and water logged areas due to canal seepage, from the major part of degraded lands. With Proper methodology of planting, correct choice of species and protection all degraded lands can be made productive. Afforestation of such lands will increase productivity of neighbouring agriculture lands by reducing salinity and improving water regime. Aerial seeding as a method of afforestation of such lands has been a costly failure.

Keywords

Usar, Ravines, Rotations

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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Most biomass studies compare productivity of different species by felling at a predetermind age. All species do not grow at the same rate. Biomass assessment should be made at regular intervals and productivity sbould be compared at different ages. Regression equations should be developed for different species.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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Leucaena leucocephala has been planted at Kukrail near Lucknow under Irrigated conditions. Plantations of 1978 planted at 2m × 2m and 3m × 3 m have given maximum mean annual Increment of 11.3 tonnes and 5.6 tonnes respectively. These plantations have been affected due to gummosls.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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Poplars from U.S.A. and U.K. were first tried in U.P hills during 1950. Continuous research for three decades have established that certain clones grow very well in the tarai tract of U.P. They can be commercially harvested in about 12 years initial trials have indicated that some clones may be successfully grown on usar soils viable seeds have been obtained from clones G-48, G-121 and 69/55 opening possibilities of future genetical work.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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Eucalypts have been planted on a large scale in India. They are harvested primarily for the production of paper and rayon grade pulp. Eucalypt plantations are managed under simple coppice system. Decrease in productivity has been noticed in second coppice. It may be desirable to rotate Eucalypt plantations with other species to prevent replant disease.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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Leucaena eucdcephala which has been widely publicised as hily productive plantation species in all types of soils in India grows well only on deep fertile soils with adequate irrigation. It fruits within one year or planting. The tree suffers from gummosis. In comparative trials several other species have been found to grow better than Leucaena leucocephaia.

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A. N. Chaturvedi , B. N. Dwivedi

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Trials of exotic pines were started in U.P., from 1960-61 onwards. Field trials laid at various places and at different elevations have indicated that Pinus patula, Pinus greggll, Pinus pseudo-strobus and Pinus montezumae when planted in the deep moist soils at an elevation ranging between 1800 to 2000 m. grow faster than local chir pine in early stage upto 15 years age. Pinus elliottii and Pinus taeda come up even on skeleton soils between 1200 to 1500 m but survival is poor. In the nurseries seed is sown on pure sand and pricking is generally done 15-20 days after germination. The pricking is done in polythene bags of size 15 cm × 22.5 cm of 150 gauge. Mycorrhizal soil is added to the potting mixture and also after about a week in the bag plants. Spraying of 0.25% to O.33% of Aaromine or 1-2g of Sufla or D.A.P. and 2-3 g of superphosphate boosts the height growth of seedings significantly. In the field plantings plants of 20-25 cm height are used. Pit size 45 cm³ has given the best results and is adopted for field plantations. Spacing is kept 1 m × 2 m or 3 m × 3 m. Most of the exotic pines start bearing cones at 5-6 years age And produce mature seeds after 9-10 years. The viability of seed varies from l5-30% in cose of Pinus patula and Pinus greggii. Micro-tapping done in very limited number of plants of 13 species has indicated that Pinus elliottii gives satisfactory resin yield while in Pinus potula and Pinus greggii yield is poor. In nurseries seedlings are sometimes killed by Cercospora, Fusarium and other fungi. In the field an attack of Diplodia pinea has been noticed at several places. This results in die-back and top drying of plants. In several Cases plants become bushy. Mild incidence of Lophodermium fungus has also been noticed. Localized damage to the plants from Chafer grub, bag worms and termites has also been noticed. Though the field plantations of exotic pines are very recent and stage of harvesting has not yet been reached, their potential use can be for long fibred pulp, for transmission poles after proper prophylactic treatment and in manufacture of paper by thermo-mechanical process. Encouraged by the performance of some of the exotic pines, demonstration field trials were started in 1975 with the co-operation of local Divisional Forest Officers. Since 1979 about a lakh of plants of various exotic pines are being planted every year. It is proposed to further increase to own lakh plants from 1982 rains and four lakh plants in 1984.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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Trials of high yielding Leucaena varieties imported from Hawaii and Australia etc. are being carried out in Uttar Pradesh since 1976-77. Two varieties of K-8 of Hawaiian and Fiji origins respectively were tried in hills. The Fiji variety exhibited poor growth but the Hawaiian vareity has grown vigorously. The plants grow well only in deep moist soils, and on dry soils manuring and irrigation for two years is required. It can grow upto 13OOm elevation and is vulnerable to heavy damage by cattle, deer, monkeys, etc, The species grows Well even in Lantana infested areas and started producing seeds within six months of planting. Trials of Leucaena varieties in Tarai region showed gummosis during March 1980. The affected tree stops growing, starts drying from the top and generally dies. The species is not considered suitable for plantiog in Tarai region under unirrigated conditions. It has, however, done very well in Clutterbuckganj Nursery at Bareilly in good soil and under irrigated condition. In acidic soils its growth has been observed to be poor but it has done very well on soil with pH of about 9.00. It can tolerate light shade but is not suitable for frosty areas or those with clayey soils. Pre-treatment with scarification, boiling in water, soaking in water for 24-48 hours has given about 85% germination. However, Leucaena has also been observed to germinate freely from seed even without treatment and the ground floor in old plantations is carpeted with seedlings.

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A. N. Chaturvedi , R. S. Sharma

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Correlations between various stand parameters have been obtained on the basis of 172 measurements in temporary and permanent sample plots in sal (coppice). Analysis of variance of each regression equation is given. Stand volume tables for timber and total wood for basal area and crop height have been prepared. Two site qualities have recognised and yield tables for these site qualities based on the relationships obtained above are presented.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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This paper begins with a brief history of Eucalyptus trials in India and then describes in detail the planting technique, genetical status and statistics of growth and yield of Eucalyptus hybrid-the most extensively planted Eucalyptus species in India today. Based on the data of several permanent and temporary sample plots results of following studies carried out by the author are presented. (i) Volume and weight equations correlating volume and weight with diameter and height of trees. (ii) Stand volume equations correlating stand volume per hectare with basal area and top height. (iii) Regression model correlating M.A.I. with age stand and site characteristics.

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B. K. Subba Rao , A. N. Chaturvedi

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Several relationships between the foliage weight (oven dry) and other tree dimensions have been developed based on the actual measurementl of various parameters during the clearfelling of 22 years old sal coppice crop. Best relationship was found between the square ischolar_main of foliage weight and the d.b.h.

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G. C. Pande , A. N. Chaturvedi

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Relations between various crop parameters in Eucalyptus hybrid (Mysore Gum) plantations are given. The standing volume of pulpwood in these plantations can be readily estimated from measurements of basal area and crop height. Basal area is the most important factor that contributes towards standing volume.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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The paper studies relationships between MAI, Age, Basal Area and Top Height by the method of linear regression analysis. Log_e (MAI) = -4.580245 - 0.996744 Log_e (Age) + 0.628078 Log_e (BA) + 2.466623 Log_e (Top Height) has been selected to be the final regression equation. Tables basod on this relationship are given for varying top heights. It is indicated how the tables can be useful for determining spacing, rotations, yield class etc. Several other functions with regression analysis of each function is given.

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A. N. Chaturvedi , K. G. Venkatraman

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Relationships between volumes and weights of trees with measurable parameters of d.b.h. and tree height have been studied by the method of linear regression analysis. Regression equations obtained are given with regression analysis of each. Tables for ready use in this field are also given. Eucalyptus hybrid has been planted extensively in several states of India. General standard volume Tables for this species based on the data of several states have been published. Several sample plots were laid in South Coimbatore, Tiruchinapalli, East Vellore and Chingleput Divisions of Tamil Nadu by the mensuration party of Forest Research Centre Coimbatore working under one of the authors (Venkataraman). Apart from normal sample plot work the sample trees felled were weighed in green condition, with bark and without bark. Trees were felled in February and March 1971. They were weighed within 15 days of felling. For this purpose the trees were divided into billets 2 m in length. These billets were marked and were weighed at frequent intervals. Dry weight was recorded when two successive measurements gave the same weight. This data has been utilised for this study.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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Local volume tables are applicable to very restricted areas. Site quality volume tables are difficult to use in the field. Tree quality volume tables are easy to prepare and use in the field. Tree quality curves can be made independent of species. End use volume tables are suggested. Volume tables for Eucalyptus hybrid by four tree qualities are given.

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A. N. Chaturvedi

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Relationships between crown width, stem diameter at breast height and tree height were determined for 161 Sal trees. All relationships examined were highly significant.

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